Is physical activity associated with a higher degree of wisdom? cross-sectional study with high school students / Atividade física está associada com maior grau de sabedoria? estudo transversal com estudantes do ensino médio

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the association between the degree of wisdom and the level of leisure-time physical activity (PA) of students from a federal public school in southern Brazil. Observational cross-sectional study with 462 young people of both sexes between 15 and 18 years old. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire on the REDCap platform. The independent variable was the "level of leisure PA" (inactive, insufficiently active, and physically active) and the outcome was the "degree of wisdom" evaluated through a validated questionnaire (SD-WISE7). There was a linear trend towards an increase in the wisdom score according to the level of PA. This trend and significant association continued in the adjusted analysis, with active students averaging 1.84 points more in the wisdom score compared to inactive students. In conclusion, the wisest young people are also the most physically active young people. In view of the potential beneficial effects, current studies may consider wisdom as a possible mediator of PA with health outcomes.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o grau de sabedoria e o nível de atividade física de lazer (AF) de alunos de uma escola pública federal do sul do Brasil. Estudo observacional de corte transversal com 462 jovens de ambos os sexos entre 15 e 18 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário autoaplicável na plataforma REDCap. A variável independente foi o "nível de AF de lazer" (inativo, insuficientemente ativo e ativo fisicamente) e o desfecho foi a "grau de sabedoria" avaliados por meio de questionários validados. Observou-se tendência linear de aumento do escore de sabedoria conforme o nível de AF. Essa tendência e associação significativa se manteve na análise ajustada, com os ativos tendo em média 1.84 pontos a mais no escore de sabedoria em comparação aos inativos. Em conclusão, os jovens mais sábios também são os jovens mais ativos fisicamente. Tendo em vista os potenciais efeitos benéficos, os estudos atuais podem considerar a sabedoria como um possível mediador da AF com desfechos em saúde.

Cognitive Ability In Relation To Academic Resilience And Self- Regulation Of School Students In Punjab

The study was conducted to explore the cognitive ability in relation to academic resilience and self-regulation among school students. The study was conducted on 100 school students from Patiala. Cognitive Ability Scale (Gupta and Lakhani, 2018), Academic Resilience Scale (Mallick and Kaur, 2015) and Self-Regulation Scale (Erickson et al., 2015) were used for data collection. The results indicated significant relationship between cognitive ability and academic resilience of school students. It was also found that a significant relationship exists between cognitive ability and self- regulation of school students.

Effects of Alzheimer's disease of varying severity on cardiac and autonomic function

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of AD on cardiac function and autonomic nervous function, and the feasibility of electrocardiogram (ECG) in monitoring the development of AD. APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were used in the Morris water maze (MWM) experiment to evaluate the changes of cognitive ability of AD mice, then the non-invasive ECG acquisition system was used and the changes of ECG intervals and heart rate variability (HRV) were analyzed. AD mice already had cognitive dysfunction at the age of 5 months, reaching the level of mild dementia, and the degree of dementia increased with the course of disease. There were no significant changes in ECG intervals in the AD group at each month. The mean square of successive RR interval differences, percentage of intervals >6 ms different from preceding interval, and normalized high frequency power component in the AD group were decreased and low-to-high frequency power ratio and normalized low frequency power component were increased. Combined with the results of the MWM, it was shown that the regulation mechanism of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in mice was already imbalanced in early stage AD, which was manifested as the increase of excessive activity of sympathetic nerves and the inhibition of parasympathetic activities. Therefore, ECG-based analysis of HRV may become a means of daily monitoring of AD and provide an auxiliary basis for clinical diagnosis.

Preliminary evidence for the Matrix Matching Test as a valid and reliable measure of general cognitive ability / Evidencia preliminar para el uso del Matrix Matching Test como una medida válida y confiable de habilidad cognitiva general en adolescentes

Abstract Introduction: In research, a simple measure of general cognitive ability is often required. One method is the Matrix Matching Test, a brief, free-to-use, language-free assessment of general cognitive ability or intelligence in adults, which taps both fluid and crystalized processes. We investigated its reliability and validity with adolescent participants. Method: The Matrix Matching Test was administered to 111 participants, aged 12 to 17 (46% female). Subsamples also completed two standard measures of cognitive ability: Vocabulary (crystalized) and Matrix Reasoning (fluid) tests from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV). Results: The Matrix Matching Test was found to have acceptable internal consistency and good retest reliability. Criterion validity was indicated by its ability to distinguish between psychosocially deprived participants living in foster care (n = 40) and controls, and by its positive correlation with grade point average. There were large positive correlations between the Matrix Matching Test and the standard measures of Vocabulary, and Matrix Reasoning, suggesting convergent validity. Conclusions: Our preliminary evidence suggests that The Matrix Matching Test is a reliable and valid measure of general cognitive ability for ages 12 to 17.

Resumen Introducción: En ámbitos de investigación, el uso de una herramienta de medición general de habilidad cognitiva es comúnmente requerido. Una de estas herramientas es el Matrix Matching Test, una evaluación de habilidad cognitiva o inteligencia para adultos que es corta, de uso gratuito y no tiene impedimentos de lenguaje. Esta herramienta evalúa los procesos fluidos, así como los procesos cristalizados de la inteligencia adulta. Investigamos la confiabilidad y la validez de esta herramienta con participantes adolescentes. Método: Se administró la herramienta Matrix Matching Test a 111 participantes de edades entre 12 y 17 años (46 % mujeres). Los subgrupos además completaron dos medidas de habilidad cognitiva del más alto estándar obtenidos de la Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para Niños IV (WISC-IV): Vocabulario (cristalizada) y Matrices (fluida). Resultados: Se encontró que el Matrix Matching Test tiene una consistencia interna aceptable y buena confiabilidad retest. Se indicó el criterio de validez por su capacidad para distinguir entre participantes habitantes en hogares sustitutos (n = 40) y participantes del grupo control. Asimismo, existe una correlación positiva con el GPA. Además, se encontró correlaciones positivas fuertes entre el Matrix Matching Test y las mediciones de más alto estándar de Vocabulario y Matrices, lo que sugiere una validez convergente. Conclusiones: Nuestra evidencia preliminar sugiere que el Matrix Matching Test es una medida confiable y válida para las habilidades cognitivas generales en edades de 12 a 17 años.

Socioemotional and Cognitive Skills: Its Relation to School Performance in Elementary School / Habilidades Socioemocionais e Cognitivas: Relações com o Desempenho Escolar no Ensino Fundamental / Habilidades Socioemocionales y Cognitivas: Relaciones con el Rendimiento Escolar en la Escuela Primaria

Abstract Several constructs shown as good predictors of school performance. However, previous studies have focused only on a part of these predictors, making it difficult to understand their interaction to predict school performance. This study verified the associations (correlations), predictions (linear regressions), and relationship dynamics (network analysis) of variables (intelligence, EI, personality, and executive functions) that predict school performance (Portuguese, mathematics, and general) in children and adolescents in the elementary education. In total, 133 students were submitted to instruments to assess the predictive abilities and performance measures included in this study. Regression analyses showed emotional intelligence and abstract reasoning as the main positive predictors of school performance, and the agreeableness/openness trait as a positive predictor of overall performance and mathematics. The results corroborated by centrality indicators estimated through network analyses. This study advances when considering several variables concurrently.

Resumo Diversos construtos têm se mostrado bons preditores do desempenho escolar. Entretanto, estudos anteriores têm se concentrado em apenas parte desses preditores, dificultando a compreensão de sua interação para predição do desempenho escolar. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar as associações (correlações), predições (regressões lineares) e dinâmicas das relações (análises de rede) de variáveis preditoras (inteligência, IE, personalidade e funções executivas) do desempenho escolar (português, matemática e geral) em crianças e adolescentes no ensino fundamental. Um total de 133 estudantes foram submetidos a instrumentos de avaliação das habilidades preditoras e das medidas de desempenho considerados neste estudo. Por meio de análises de regressão constatou-se a inteligência emocional e o raciocínio abstrato como os principais preditores positivos do desempenho escolar, e o traço de abertura/amabilidade como preditor positivo do desempenho geral e matemática. Resultados corroborados pelos indicadores de centralidade estimados por meio das análises de rede. Este estudo avança ao considerar diversas variáveis concomitantemente.

Resumen Se ha demostrado que varios constructos son buenos predictores del rendimiento escolar. Sin embargo, los estudios anteriores se han centrado solo en parte de estos predictores, lo que dificulta comprender su interacción para predecir el rendimiento escolar. Este estudio verificó las asociaciones (correlaciones), predicciones (regresiones lineales) y dinámicas de las relaciones (análisis de redes) de las variables predictoras (inteligencia fluida, inteligencia emocional, rasgos de personalidad y control inhibitorio) del rendimiento escolar (portugués, matemáticas y general) en niños y adolescentes en la escuela primaria. Un total de 133 alumnos fueron sometidos a instrumentos para evaluar las habilidades predictivas y las medidas de rendimiento consideradas en este estudio. Mediante el análisis de regresión se observó la inteligencia emocional y el razonamiento abstracto como los principales predictores positivos del rendimiento escolar, y el rasgo de apertura/amabilidad como un predictor positivo del rendimiento general y de matemáticas. Los resultados fueron corroborados por indicadores de centralidad estimados a través de análisis de redes. Este estudio avanza al considerar varias variables de manera concurrente.

A study on the status and influencing factors of nurses′ cognitive ability of nursing interruptions in operating room / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the status and influencing factors of nurses′ cognitive ability of nursing interruptions in operating room.Methods:From March to May 2020, convenient sampling was conducted, a questionnaire was used to investigate the cognitive ability of operating room registered nurses in some provinces and cities in China. The influencing factors were analyzed by single factor analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis.Results:Finally, 2 827 questionnaires were collected from 1 municipality directly under the central government and 15 provinces, involving 42 municipal and county hospitals. The nurses′ cognitive ability of nursing interruptions in operating room scored 105.73 ± 13.39, which was in the middle level. A total of 2 427 (87.37%) operating room nurses thought it necessary to receive training on nursing interruptions, but only 796 (28.16%) nurses had received training on nursing interruptions. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that different job categories ( B=-0.714, P<0.001), whether to pay attention to nursing interruptions ( B=5.449, P<0.001), the frequency of experience nursing interruptions ( B=-1.916, P<0.001)and whether to participate in the training of nursing interruptions ( B=-4.806, P<0.001) were the influencing factors of operating room nurses' cognitive ability of nursing interruptions. Conclusions:The operating room nurses' cognitive ability of nursing interruptions is in the middle level. The current situation of training is not good, but the training demand is high. Managers should strengthen the systematic training of nurses on nursing interruptions, especially those with junior nurses in operating room, to improve nurses' attention and cognitive ability of nursing interruptions.

Associations of objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity with cognitive function among older Japanese adults: An isotemporal substitution model / 体力科学

Increasing light-intensity physical activity (LPA) or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and decreasing sedentary behavior (SB) are important to maintain cognitive function in older adults. However, there is a lack of studies examining the influence of replacing time spent in SB, LPA and MVPA on cognitive function. Therefore, this study applied an isotemporal substitution (IS) model approach to examine the associations of objectively measured SB, LPA, and MVPA on multiple cognitive functions in older adults. We analyzed data from 145 older persons (mean age, 75.1 ± 4.5 years; 61.4% women) in Kasama City, Japan. We assessed SB, LPA, and MVPA for seven consecutive days with a triaxial accelerometer. To evaluate the cognitive function, we used the Five-Cog test (character position referencing task, category cued recall task, clock drawing task, animal name listing task, and analogy task). The IS model of the multiple regression analysis was used to examine the effects of replacing time spent on one activity type with 30 minutes per day of SB, LPA, and MVPA on multiple cognitive functions, adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, education, smoking, sleep duration, history of stroke, medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes and accelerometer wear time. The results showed that reallocation from SB to LPA was significantly related to the category cued recall task score (B = 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.07 - 1.31). In contrast, other reallocations were not associated with any cognitive tasks. The results suggest that substituting SB with LPA is positively associated with verbal episode memory among older Japanese adults.

Review of cognitive enhancement techniques based on the combination of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation / 生物医学工程学杂志

Cognitive enhancement refers to the technology of enhancing or expanding the cognitive and emotional abilities of people without psychosis based on relevant knowledge of neurobiology. The common methods of cognitive enhancement include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive training (CT). tDCS takes effect quickly, with a short effective time, while CT takes longer to work, requiring several weeks of training, with a longer effective time. In recent years, some researchers have begun to use the method of tDCS combined with CT to regulate the cognitive function. This paper will sort out and summarize this topic from five aspects: perception, attention, working memory, decision-making and other cognitive abilities. Finally, the application prospect and challenges of technology are prospected.

Effect of Modified Guipitang Combined with Xingnao Kaiqiao Acupuncture in Treatment of Heart and Spleen Insufficiency Syndrome of Non-dementia Vascular Cognitive Impairment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To explore the curative effect and partial mechanism of modified Guipitang combined with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture in the treatment of non-dementia vascular cognitive impairment (VCIND). Method: Totally 122 patients with VCIND admitted to the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) from May 2017 to October 2018 were randomly divided into modified decoction group (39 cases), acupuncture group (42 cases) and combination group (41 cases). All of the three groups were orally given routine anticoagulants and lipid-lowering drugs. The decoction group was orally given modified Guipitang 150 mL/times, 2 times/day, in addition to the routine treatment, the acupuncture group was treated with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture method in addition to the routine treatment, involving Shuigou, Neiguan (bilateral), Sanyinjiao (bilateral), Sishencong, Xuanzhong (bilateral) and Taixi (bilateral) acupoints, 2 times/day, for six days a week, the combined group was treated with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture in addition to modified Guipitang. All of the three groups were treated for 8 weeks. The Montreal cognitive assessment scale (MoCA scale, Beijing version) and activity of daily life (ADL) scale, TCM symptoms and clinical efficacy were scored before treatment, 4 weeks after treatment and 8 weeks after treatment in three groups. Serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and cone-like protein-1 (VILIP-1) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at different time points. Result: Compared with decoction group and acupuncture group, MoCA score, ADL score and TCM syndrome score of the combined group were decreased, the total effective rate was increased significantly after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, the serum CGRP content was increased, and the VILIP-1 content was decreased. Conclusion: Modified Guipitang combined with Xingnao Kaiqiao acupuncture has a definite curative effect on VCIND with heart and spleen insufficiency syndrome. Its mechanism may be related to the expansion of blood vessels, the alleviation of blood supply of brain and the reduction of neuron injury.

Advantages of Using HJ-Biplot Analysis in Executive Functions Studies / Vantagens do Uso da Análise HJ-Biplot em Estudos de Funções Executivas

Abstract Executive functions (EFs) are considered a multiple system of processing, associated with different components, such as inhibition, working memory, planning, among others. The study of EFs requires the assessment of all its components, having in mind the socio-demographic and cognitive characteristics of the target population. Nowadays, analysis of variance is used to achieve this goal; nevertheless, HJ-Biplot analysis overcome its limitations by allowing simultaneous examination of multiple data, such as those generated in EFs studies. This study evaluates possible differences in the EFs of 80 8-year-old Colombian children by their sex, socio-economic status and type of school they attend, to exemplify the advantages of using HJ-Biplot analysis in neuropsychological studies.

Resumo As funções executivas (EFs) são consideradas um sistema de vários componentes associados, como inibição, memoria de trabalho, planejamento e outros. O estudo das EFs requer a avaliação da totalidade dos seus componentes, tendo em conta as caraterísticas sociodemográficas e cognitivas da população-alvo. A analise de variância é usada para atingir esse objetivo. No entanto, a análise HJ-Biplot supera suas limitações, permitindo o exame simultâneo de dados múltiplos, como os gerados nos estudos de EFs. Este estudo avalia as possíveis diferenças nas EFs de 80 crianças de 8 anos de idade na Colômbia segundo seu sexo, nível socioeconômico e tipo de escola que frequentam, para exemplificar as vantagens de usar a analise HJ-Biplot nos estudos neuropsicológicos.

A comparative analysis of clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease patients and Lewy body dementia patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To compare cognitive ,behavioral ,and psychological symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD ) and dementia with Lewy body (DLB ) in order to provide helpful information for differential diagnosis. Methods We selected 215 patients with AD (AD group)and 66 patients with DLB(DLB group)to retrospectively analyzed their general information ,family history , and disease history.The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE scale)was used to evaluate cognitive abilities and Neuropsychiatric Inventory ( NPI scale ) was used for analysis of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in both groups. Results The prevalence of hypertension was higher in the AD group(52.6%,n＝113)than in the DLB group(40%,n＝24)(P＜0.05).The DLB group showed better general cognitive scores ,disorientation scores ,immediate recall scores ,and delayed recall scores than the AD group. Fluctuating cognitive deficiencies and Parkinson's symptoms were more prevalent in the DLB group than in the AD group with 2 patients (0.9%) showing fluctuating cognitive deficiencies in the AD group ,and 19(28.8%)in the DLB group(χ2＝8.580 ,P＝0.003) ;with 26 patients(12.1%)showing Parkinson's symptoms in the AD group and 25(37.9%)in the DLB group(χ2＝ 22.602 ,P＝ 0.000).As to behavioral and psychological symptoms ,the DLB group had higher scores in total NPI ,hallucinations and nighttime abnormal behaviors with 32 patients (14.9%)showing hallucinations and 64 (29.8%)showing nighttime abnormal behaviors in the AD group ;30(46.2%)showing hallucinations and 30 (46.2%)showing nighttime abnormal behaviors in the DLB group (all P ＜ 0.05 ) . Conclusions Hypertension is more prevalent in AD patients. Fluctuating cognitive deficiencies ,Parkinson's symptoms ,hallucinations ,and nighttime abnormal behaviors are prominent manifestations in DLB patients.

Changes in Cognitive Performance in a Sample of Children and Teens with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Resulting from the Armed Conflict in Colombia / Alteraciones en el funcionamiento cognitivo en una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con trastorno de estrés postraumático derivado del conflicto armado en colombia

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de una muestra de niños, niñas y adolescentes con Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) derivado del conflicto armado en Colombia con un grupo de control. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 participantes: 25 de ellos con TEPT, víctimas de situaciones asociadas a conflicto armado y 25 provenientes de la misma zona geográfica sin antecedentes de haber vivido tales situaciones. Los grupos fueron equiparados en edad, género, nivel socioeconómico y nivel académico. Las pruebas aplicadas evaluaron la atención, la memoria y el funcionamiento ejecutivo. Los resultados señalan que los niños y adolescentes con TEPT presentan un perfil neuropsicológico caracterizado por dificultades en los procesos de atención visual para material verbal y no verbal, alteraciones en la memoria lógica, con conservación de la habilidad para realizar actividades de aprendizaje verbal y marcado compromiso en el funcionamiento ejecutivo, mostrando alteraciones en pruebas que implican control inhibitorio, pocas habilidades para monitorear la conducta y dificultades en tareas que implican flexibilidad cognitiva. Con base en los resultados, se propone un perfil de funcionamiento cognitivo de los niños y adolescentes con TEPT, que coadyuve los procesos de evaluación e intervención en el marco de los procesos de reparación integral del post conflicto en Colombia.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the cognitive functioning profile between a sample of children and adolescences with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) derived from the arm conflict in Colombia and a control group. This study compared neuropsychological test results from a group of 50 children, 25 of them victims of an associated armed conflict situation with PTSD and 25 from the same geographical zone, without a record of going through such situation. The groups were matched by age, sex, socioeconomic status and education level. A battery of tests that assessed attention, memory and executive function was conducted. The results indicate that children with PTSD evidence a neuropsychological profile characterized by difficulties in the processes of visual attention in relation to verbal and nonverbal materials, logical memory disorders, with ability to perform verbal learning activities and notorious incidence in executive functioning. Assessment indicates changes that imply inhibitory control, poor ability to monitor the behavior, and difficulties in task that involve cognitive flexibility. Based on these scores, it is proposed a profile of cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with PTSD that could be useful to conduct more accurate assessment and clinical interventions within the framework of the Colombian post conflict process.

A diferenciação cognitiva na infância: um estudo de perfis cognitivos aos 5, 7 e 9 anos / Cognitive differentiation during childhood: A study on cognitive profiles of 5, 7, and 9-year-old children

Resumo No seio do debate sobre se a inteligência é mais bem definida por um fator geral ou por aptidões específicas, ganha relevância a hipótese da diferenciação cognitiva. Análises recentes enfatizam o interesse dessa questão para a investigação e alertam para a relevância das suas implicações na área educativa. Este estudo analisou a possibilidade de a diferenciação das aptidões cognitivas ocorrer já na infância e também o efeito moderador do Quociente de Inteligência na magnitude da relação entre as habilidades cognitivas. Aplicou-se uma bateria de provas que avaliam várias funções cognitivas a uma amostra de 231 crianças com 5, 7 e 9 anos, distribuídas por três grupos de desempenho cognitivo. Os resultados de uma análise de clusters hierárquica e de uma análise de variância apontam para a não diferenciação das funções cognitivas na infância. Contudo, uma análise mais cuidadosa aponta para alguma diferenciação suportada pela hete-rogeneidade dos perfis cognitivos junto dos alunos com Quociente de Inteligência elevado.

Abstract Within the debate about whether intelligence is best defined by a general factor or specific skills, the hypothesis of cognitive differentiation gains relevance. Recent analyses have emphasized the importance of this issue in the investigation of cognitive skills and have highlighted its implications in education. This study examined the possibility that the differentiation of cognitive abilities may occur during childhood and investigated the moderating effect of Intelligence Quotient on the magnitude of the relationship between cognitive abilities. A battery of tests for assessing cognitive function was administered to 231 children aged 5, 7, and 9 years old, who were divided into three cognitive performance groups. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis and variance analysis indicate the lack of differentiation of cognitive functions during childhood. However, a more careful analysis suggests some differentiation supported by the heterogeneity of cognitive profiles among students with high Intelligence Quotient.

Personality factors in the elderly: The relationship between cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms / Fatores de personalidade em idosos: relação com funcionamento cognitivo e sintomas depressivos / Factores de personalidad en los ancianos: la relación entre el funcionamiento cognitivo y los síntomas depresivos

Personality factors have been highlighted as possible predictors for cognitive performance and depressive symptomatology in the elderly. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between the five principal personality factors, depressive symptomatology and cognitive performance of elderly during attention, memory and executive function tasks. Additionally, there was the attempt to investigate the predictor role played by depression symptoms and cognitive functioning in personality factors. The convenience sampling method was used and 72 elderly persons, aged between 60 and 85 years, were evaluated. They answered questions about sociodemographic conditions, personality factors (NEO-FFI-R), depressive symptomatology (GDS-15) and underwent an evaluation of their cognitive functions. Results showed a positive to moderate relationship between Neuroticism and depressive symptomatology, as well as a negative to moderate relationship between Openness to experience and depressive symptomatology. Depressive symptoms emerge as the strongest predictor correlated to the highest Neuroticism indices and the lowest of Extroversion, Openness to experience, and Conscientiousness. Non-perseverative errors on the WCST were strongly associated, with the higher scores on Neuroticism and lower in Extraversion in the sample. The investigation points towards the existence of a relationship among personality, depressive symptomatology, and cognitive functioning factors in the elderly, however, further studies are suggested.(AU)

Os fatores de personalidade têm sido apontados como possíveis preditores do desempenho cognitivo e sintomatologia depressiva na velhice. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre os cinco grandes fatores de personalidade, sintomatologia depressiva e o desempenho cognitivo em tarefas de atenção, memória e funções executivas. Foi utilizado o método amostra de conveniência; 72 idosos (60-85 anos), responderam questões sobre condições sociodemográficas, fatores de personalidade (NEOFFI-R), sintomatologia depressiva (GDS-15) e avaliação das funções cognitivas. Os resultados mostraram uma relação positiva e moderada entre o fator Neuroticismo e sintomatologia depressiva; relação negativa e moderada entre o fator Abertura à Experiência e sintomatologia depressiva; sintomas depressivos apareceram correlacionados a índices mais altos de Neuroticismo e mais baixos de Extroversão, Abertura à experiência e Conscienciosidade; erros não perseverativos, no Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas (WCST) associaram-se aos escores mais altos em Neuroticismo e mais baixos em Extroversão. A investigação aponta para relação entre fatores de personalidade, sintomatologia depressiva e funcionamento cognitivo em idosos, contudo, outros estudos são sugeridos.(AU)

Los factores de personalidad se han destacado como posibles predictores del funcionamiento cognitivo y de la sintomatología depresiva en los ancianos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la relación entre los cinco principales factores de personalidad, la sintomatología depresiva y el funcionamiento cognitivo de los ancianos durante la atención, la memoria y las tareas de la función ejecutiva. Además, hubo el intento de investigar el papel predictor desempeñado por los síntomas de la depresión y el funcionamiento cognitivo en los factores de personalidad. Se utilizó el método de muestreo de conveniencia. Setenta y dos ancianos, de 60-85 años de edad, fueron evaluados. Ellos respondieron acerca de las condiciones sociodemográficas, los factores de personalidad (NEO-FFI-R), la sintomatología depresiva (GDS-15) y se sometieron a una evaluación de sus funciones cognitivas. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva y moderada entre neuroticismo y la sintomatología depresiva, así como una relación negativa y moderada entre apertura a la experiencia y la sintomatología depresiva. Los síntomas depresivos emergen como el predictor más fuerte correlacionado con los más altos índices de neuroticismo y los más bajos de extraversión, apertura a la experiencia y responsabilidad. En comparación con los otros, los errores no persistentes en el Teste de Clasificación de Tarjetas de Winsconsin (WCST) se asociaron fuertemente con las puntuaciones más altas en neuroticismo y las más bajas en extraversión. El estudio apunta hacia la existencia de una relación entre los factores de personalidad, la sintomatología depresiva y el funcionamiento cognitivo en ancianos; sin embargo, se sugieren otros estudios.(AU)

Clinical Study on Congrong Yishen Granules Combined with Donepezil Hydrochloride Tablets in the Treat-ment of Parkinson Disease with Dementia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects and safety of Congrong yishen granule combined with Donepezil hydrochloride tablet on mental state and quality of life in patients with Parkinson disease with dementia(PDD). METHODS:A total of 60 PDD patients were randomized into control group and treatment group,with 30 cases in each group. Both groups were given drugs for Parkinson disease. Control group was additionally given Donepezil hydrochloride tablet 5 mg,qd;treatment group was additionally given Congrong yishen granules 2 g,bid,on the basis of control group. The treatment lasted for 6 months in both groups. MMSE, MoCA,ADAS-Cog,ADL-R and TCM symptom score were observed in 2 groups before and after treatment. The occurrence of ADR were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:Before treatment,there was no statistical significance in MMSE,MoCA, ADAS-Cog,ADL-R or TCM symptom score between 2 groups (P>0.05). After treatment,MMSE and MoCA score of 2 groups were increased significantly,while ADAS-Cog,ADL-R and TCM symptom score were decreased significantly;the treatment group were better than the control group,with statistical significance (P<0.05). No obvious ADR was found in 2 groups. CONCLU-SIONS:Congrong yishen granule combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablet can significantly improve mental state and cogni-tive ability of PDD patients,and relieve clinical symptoms with good safety.

Ameliorative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist JWH-015 on cognitive impairment of Alzheimer′s disease model mice and its possible mechan ism / 国际药学研究杂志

Objectives To investigate the ameliorative effect of cannabinoid 2 receptor(CB2R)agonist JWH-015 on the cog-nitive impairment of Alzheimer' s disease(AD)model mice and to assess the correlation with microglial phenotype transformation. Methods Twenty adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups:C57BL/6J solvent group,JWH-015 control group,AD model group,and AD model treated with JWH-015 group. Amyloidβ1-42 oligomers of 4μg and the same volume of saline were intraventricularly administered to construct the AD mouse model and the solvent groups. CB2R agonist JWH-015 or the corre-sponding vehicle at a dose of 0.5 mg/(kg·d)was administered by intraperitoneal injection for 3 weeks. Non-spatial learning and memo-ry was measured using novel object recognition task. Furthermore,the mRNA expression levels of M1 microglia marker inducible ni-tric oxide synthase(iNOS)and M2 microglia marker chitinase-3 like protein(Ym1/2)in brain samples of cortex and hippocampus were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR). In the meantime,fifteen CB2R knockout(CB2RKO)mice and five CB2R wild-type(CB2RWT)littermates were assigned to identify the specificity of CB2R in the research. Based on the genotype and different treatment,the animals were divided into four groups:CB2RKO solvent group,CB2RKO AD model group,CB2RKO AD model treat-ed with JWH-015 group and CB2RWT solvent group. Results Compared with solvent group,there was a significant decrease in nov-el object recognition index in C57BL/6J AD model group(P<0.01). The mRNA expression levels of M1 phenotype microglia marker iNOS in cortex and hippocampus were significantly up-regulated(both P<0.05)and the mRNA expression levels of M2 phenotype mi-croglia marker Ym1/2 were significantly down-regulated(both P<0.01). Interestingly,administration of JWH-015 could reverse the impairment of novel object recognition index(P<0.05);compared with C57BL/6J AD model group,administration of JWH-015 also decreased the iNOS mRNA expression levels(both P<0.05)and increased the Ym1/2 mRNA expression levels(both P<0.05)in cortex and hippocampus;compared with CB2RKO solvent group,the novel object recognition index of CB2RKO AD model group was decreased(P<0.05);the mRNA expression levels of iNOS in cortex and hippocampus were significantly up-regulated(both P<0.05),the mRNA expression level of Ym1/2 in cortex was significantly down-regulated in cortex(P<0.05);compared with CB2RKO AD model group,administration of JWH-015 had no effect on novel object recognition index and the mRNA expression level of M1/M2 in cortex and hippocampus,respectively. Conclusion JWH-015 improves the cognitive impairment of Aβ-induced AD mice by the specific activation of CB2R,the mechanism of which is related to the direct regulation of CB2R on the M1/M2 microglial phenotype transformation and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in brain.

Effects of Acupuncture at "Shenmen" (HT 7) on Brainwaves and Cognitive Ability in Rats with Sleep Deprivation / 针刺研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of acupuncture at "Shenmen" (HT 7) on brainwaves and cognitive ability in rats with sleep deprivation. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, acupuncture group and sham acupuncture group, 15 rats in each group. Insomnia model rats were established by sleep deprivation for 72 hours. Acupuncture was applied to acupuncture group at bilateral "Shenmen" (HT 7) for 20 min, once daily for 7 days. Rats in the sham acupuncture group received superficial insertion of 1 mm and without retaining needle. The learning and memory abilities of rats were eva-luated by Hexagonal maze. The BL-420 F physiological recorder was used to record EEG for 30 min on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th day respectively, and the frequency of each wave was analyzed. RESULTS: After sleep deprivation, the frequency of searching the exits of Hexagonal maze in the model group was obviously increased, the searching time was shortened, the number of searching errors was increased obviously, and the cognitive rate was decreased (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture at HT 7 can effectively improve the cognitive abilities and brainwaves in sleep deprived rats.

Desempeño en funciones ejecutivas y síntomas comórbidos asociados en niños con Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) / Performance on Executive Functions and Comorbid Associated Symptoms in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el desempeño de las funciones ejecutivas en niños con Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en relación con síntomas comórbidos asociados, internalizantes y externalizantes. Se evaluaron 45 niños de 8 a 14 años con diagnóstico de TDAH con pruebas de funciones ejecutivas. Los resultados evidenciaron que el grupo de niños con síntomas internalizantes presentaron un desempeño inferior en organización y planificación y en inhibición motora, y el grupo de niños con síntomas externalizantes un desempeño inferior en inhibición motora, en comparación con los niños sin síntomas comórbidos, lo cual indica que las variables analizadas permiten colaborar con el proceso de evaluación diagnóstica del trastorno. Describir el desempeño ejecutivo del trastorno en función de diversas asociaciones comórbidas, posibilita un mejor conocimiento de la entidad y un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of executive functions in children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on internalizing and externalizing associated comorbid symptoms. 45 children aged 8 to 14 with ADHD were assessed with executive function tests. The results showed that the group of children with internalizing symptoms has underperformed in relation to organization and planning and motor inhibition, and the group of children with externalizing symptoms underperformed motor inhibition compared to children without comorbid symptoms, which would indicate that the analyzed variables allow collaborating with the diagnostic evaluation process of the disorder. Be able to describe the executive function disorder performance in relation to various comorbid associations would enable a better understanding of the entity and an adequate differential diagnosis.

Desempenho Cognitivo na Infância: A Mãe e o Meio Urbano fazem a Diferença / Cognitive Performance in Childhood: Mother and Urban Environment Make the Difference

RESUMO Apesar das controvérsias sobre o conceito e a avaliação da inteligência, o desempenho cognitivo assume um papel fundamental no contexto educativo e são múltiplos os fatores que lhe estão associados. Este estudo toma uma amostra aleatória e representativa de 1201 crianças do 2.º ciclo do ensino básico de escolas públicas portuguesas, com idades entre 9 e 14 anos. Discute-se o impacto das variáveis sociofamiliares (profissão da mãe e do pai, escolaridade da mãe e do pai e meio de pertença urbano vs rural). Os resultados destacam a relevância dessas variáveis para a explicação do desempenho cognitivo dos alunos, especialmente a escolaridade da mãe e o meio urbano de proveniência. Apresentam-se considerações práticas voltadas à equidade do sistema educativo.

ABSTRACT Despite the controversies over the concept and evaluation of intelligence, cognitive achievement plays a fundamental role in educational context, and multiple factors are related to it. The current study uses a random and representative sample of 1201 2nd grade children from Portuguese public schools, between 9 and 14 years old. This study aims to discuss the impact of social and familial variables (mother and father's jobs, mother and father's educational level, and urban or rural environment of belonging). The results highlight the importance of social and familial variables as an explanation to students' cognitive achievement, with great relevance to mother's educational level and urban environment of belonging. Practical considerations aiming a better equity in educational system are presented.

Influence of ultralow-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulus on cognitive ability of rats with cerebral ischemia and its mechanism / 重庆医学

Objective To study the influence of ultralow‐frequency transcranial magnetic stimulus(TMS) on the cognitive a‐bility of rats with cerebral ischemia and its mechanism .Methods 60 healthy rats were divided into 4 groups(15 cases each):A (sham‐operation) ,B(model) ,C(TMS) and D(TMS+ H89) .The escape latency time ,times of passing through platform ,expression level of VEGF ,BDNF and nestin protein were compared among 4 groups .Results In the group A ,the escape latency time was (16 .31 ± 2 .33)s ,times passing through platform were (8 .02 ± 1 .76) times ;in group B ,which were (57 .14 ± 2 .89)s and (3 .15 ± 0 .88) times;in group C ,which were (29 .18 ± 1 .95)s and (5 .44 ± 0 .75) times ;in group D ,which were (45 .87 ± 2 .06)s and (4 .16 ± 1 .02) times .Compared with the group A ,the escape latency time in the group B ,C and D was significantly extended ,more‐over that in the group B was longer than that in the group D and C ,the differences were statistically significant (P<0 .05);the times of passing through platform decreased ,which in the group B was less than that in the group D and C ,the differences had sta‐tistical significance(P<0 .05) .The expression levels of VEGF ,BDNF and nestin had statistical differences among various groups (P<0 .05) .Conclusion Low‐frequency TMS can significantly improve the cognitive ability of rats with cerebral ischemia ,its effect is related to the expression of cAMP‐response element binding protein and its following genes(VEGF and BDNF) .